However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. (1998, pp. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. 415 f.). The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. Armstrong, James A. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. M. Stol, Studies in Old Babylonian History, Publications de lInstitut historique-archologique nerlandais de Stamboul 40, Leiden, 1975. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. 135-38. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). "16. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. Your email address will not be published. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. Paper, 1956, p. 252). Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. 354 f.). A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) 257 ff. 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. Tukulti-Ninurta I, who pursued an Assyrian expansionist policy, invaded Babylonia and deposed Katilia IV (1227-20 BCE), whom he took as prisoner to Assur. kassites in the bible. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Volume 2 Kardunia. D. Charpin, propos des rois de Hana, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires, 1995, no. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. How Long In Prison? 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. Volume 1 Kardunia. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). Your email address will not be published. 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. 17 ff. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. v. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. 287-90. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). 279-84. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). Volume 2 Kardunia. Jahresband, 1969, pp. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. 165-74. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). 11-15). The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. A. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. For a time I said I was an atheist. [14] A number of seals have also been found. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. They are well represented among the great landowners. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. Mesopotamian Pottery. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. W. Eilers, rev. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. The Kassite kings appear to have been members of a small military aristocracy but were apparently efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). The Early Kassite Period". Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. 492-507, Brinkman, J. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). Balkan (1986, pp. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? 240-44. Web. 2, 1986, pp. Buried History, 51, 57-60. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. 88 f.). A. Belmonte Marn, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Texte aus Syrien im 2. 1, pp. 2, 2004, pp. Mesopotamian History and Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). Kassites played a central role in the military. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 11, No. 106, no. C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. ). Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. Bill T. Arnold. Christ's first name, Jesus, was Yeshua. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). 437-478, Malko, Helen. MacGinnis, J. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. Brinkman, 1986). The names of some Kassite deities are known. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The interest of the boundary stones for modern scholars is not only economic and religious but also artistic. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. World History Encyclopedia. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. Roman Empire Map - (2011, August 03). The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? Balkan, 1954, pp. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). 95 ff. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Ashkelon has been overcome; 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). Around 1500 BC. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. Mid-12th Century. For less than $1 a week, you'll get devotionals, Bible study guides, thematic studies, and much more! No, King David Never Danced Naked Before The Lord, Top 10 Worst Christian Fashions And Clothing. They later regained power yet would be defeated along with many other nations under King Nebuchadnezzar in the seventh century BC. Museum, British. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. 271-81. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. Brill, pp. 2005. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. However, the river is only 175 . A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. The world of the Bible is knowable. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. 421 f.). During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). 65, no. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." 19, no. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. Click here to find out more about this unique and fun Bible study tool!
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