Arabic was introduced to Egypt under the Arab occupation. /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) :rZ`D;NV)nB]O4R@$&Xfh2u\4R;mRYS+h ZoOV@&SGc+)A&Og%1=bpA9FbNN0sh/=QpP-/b3_rWMcA*ZEed;fbfKF)F? LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] O5Fm+XFW,E dh'CeRR9a;q9;PN4G8Ts99)/cWoK,94NI\>qr#jj4Q*;ITQ:4/c](D\LQ>N`a).K(R]"s;HM/Q\VPYO>=D9Q9L\>IGBP95dlK2in4 /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) J$RH )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. << )HZcrh THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF MEROITIC. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f [9][3], The Egyptian language belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. /Subtype /Link >> 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, "clear" Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only . "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu /Author (DPSL DPSL) Size: Hand Towel (50 x 80 cm), Bath Towel (70 x 120 cm), Bath Sheet (90 x 140 cm), XL Bath Sheet (100 x 180 cm), Face Cloth (30 x 30 cm) Colour: White, Mink, Silver, Charcoal, Duck egg, Mauve Material: 100% . S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 However, later Egyptian has a tendency to lose the dual as a productive form. By the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period, /z/ and /s/ had merged, and the graphemes s and z are used interchangeably. ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese The three main sets of personal pronouns are as follows: Demonstrative pronouns have separate masculine and feminine singular forms and common plural forms for both genders: Finally, are interrogative pronouns. "l@p_=3^ (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? k)d@:"+0_ada"^Hn6DdRqs!O&/+? 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* endobj ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. \u=sj? Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k The values of g and q are unclear but were transcribed as emphatics in Hebrew. [19] In addition the usage of French in the media was at the greatest extent in this period. ?1s!FUefJdR$a]f]pH ^V0U+Xd%G\QZ%@Y^0JC$I/3Nu\(A*=IK&p$Qd7>+"Wp=E_+F,_g[]Z?_4rqoE0:`3 9 0 obj Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? In antiquity, most texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic. /Rotate 0 mG8&%9Q5"Q^iBp(H7:4^E;opeT]bb~> Most surviving texts in the Egyptian language are written on stone in hieroglyphs. K. M. Bryson, The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era, Unpublished PhD. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 20 0 R >> ^oq. \u=sj? At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. Egyptian d and (both possibly unvoiced) also correspond to Afro-Asiatic emphatics and were so transcribed in Hebrew. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 @TOkpqhMdE;h'e^!hfb\MkQ-mIa1Y:#*>O3@U6`^nWc[_er0-`qfni"l=TMO)9*qh'VX87b*Zk&? [43], In Late Egyptian (1069700 BC), the phonemes d g gradually merge with their counterparts t k (dbn */diban/ > Akkadian transcription ti-ba-an 'dbn-weight'). Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that at the heart of its vocabulary is most commonly a root of three consonants, but there are sometimes only two consonants in the root: r(w) ([ria], "sun"--the [] is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). The modern forms of style, word sequence, and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in Classical Arabic and are often directly derivative of English or French. b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. o3?$fd[%rFSARE?Uedeq_DKSEhH77lC9t"pT]B5&c.\/3cN#Pg.5n9^+=80:[m8Bn G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q /A 12 0 R fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K /Border [ 0 0 0 ] The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. ;G%k0V;gQKq`V6b_#d98%=5bT1=B;,4[k#=6520'k-TbTk )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD ,;q/u+_:6XU1MuJ4:6SI3$W?QLmhq8?i!#;SKn,IU`3,J#a`FEF6lFqi Y2b4"]j]6S%7,;jlnFV@%`=G,5Mb&$PKRcW9DF%b=c^%9fiTLbTC/B9q([\ZZppDiB4dF-T]q=bKlWJ\VcroKsk$\ Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic. To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about "retelling" his origins. )HZcrh The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] Demotic is the name of the script derived from hieratic beginning in the 7th century BC. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! $OGn&NE(OCI1MtoMC43)%V/qK)FR3E>8gPRbK2U[2=/cT/o'D"nL(Njgdd\LM2@.h /A 26 0 R psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< ? :$AZ9:8B3f8\V=TXY]3:8)&kKorN@Xf3KWWPHhQiUU ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% '-aLHl@!l'60# 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 ;n^t`. r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru 26 0 obj ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW Categories . )HZcrh [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. >> [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< It has been written 5000 years, which makes it one of the oldest written languages known today. $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 24 0 obj /Border [ 0 0 0 ] !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C endobj H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY Luxe Collection Egyptian Cotton Towels, 700 GSM . When greeting people in ancient Egypt, it is common for greetings to be guided by the social class and religion of the person you are visiting, so do so as they greet you. VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( )p+df1lTt0C5Ep:FO#t>S@P- NQUPn(e=]/L^CdZ?^9Ee/VOr%GThnJ(qCH=)gX;V/lbd#on=;C_4$(AjRr`GI]8\! Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. :tD#uC:#C#. [8] Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. =7,Gt/MB)rMY[BNE'V"4p#1RWT::<5/8[MUPcL;2(h[NSnu3;\Ln9o ?bcU8G5Ll^Mlr\$7fW#)++M(1n.L+,pl#/>3WAF:l0$[qk9oVU"P=C&fWl4. 5 0 obj )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs 22 0 obj 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! By the 16th century Coptic was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the Mamluks. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on Classical Greek, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek survive into modern usage. ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> /A 39 0 R qo6laGCKo#GJPLnQN0<2MEfo#8EXEjc(9-bo/=i@18$P%*:&P8%4]JQ)O8_FEoTSW :No1^QMc$Soj20,c2R#jY:qm"9SDIq-]/> Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k /Parent 163 0 R ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P [34] Written Coptic has five major dialects, which differ mainly in graphic conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect, the main classical dialect, and the northern Bohairic dialect, currently used in Coptic Church services.[4][5]. ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du Some nouns of place or instrument were formed with the prefix m-. rh\f /A 37 0 R iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) The Ancient Egyptian language has been around for over 10,000 years. ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r There are also a number of verbal endings added to the infinitive to form the stative and are regarded by some linguists[63] as a "fourth" set of personal pronouns. mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> /Type /Annot [46] // is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the vowel letter (except in Bohairic): Akhmimic /xop/, Sahidic and Lycopolitan op, Bohairic op 'to be' < pr.w */apraw/ 'has become'. However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as nr ("[the] god [is] great", lit. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? /Annots 2 0 R Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). endobj fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& [ !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI [25] The Pyramid Texts are the largest body of literature written in this phase of the language. Ebers Papyrus detailing treatment of asthma. p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ ]\7*c"ql`dX9%K[, H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs In some cases and apparently reflect original affricates. 1mI!#0D3Q!,OJ.1KMGU>m.G>WM-UYC5J?/D)DAa9UdRu"Tll#jA/.YOPWU/a0L&G]7eMlHFs2ps;E8BW=&F/>F1S.`cS S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV 20 0 obj *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr Most hieroglyphic Egyptian texts are written in a literary prestige register rather than the vernacular speech variety of their author. Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. p)X_MqHnHmCl9KVAQ\KDg*-2PcW!/*_qnr#,&ic5[P"q@bfb-:"&Nh>) Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. @L8)T6#rjYrg [45], Earlier *d g q are preserved as ejective t' c' k' k' before vowels in Coptic. 21 0 obj "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. bOAI_`bU.h0diWF9]UDSQhTStl'>+1\@(8r&8QC2Sd&?KB\+IY)cN.DPl/:DO5970 /Type /Page quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? /7u/Q>X`7*mK=Y*EqKdE3_Lq.TgZ7Kf8b3846kt",kHk]?jcj:;cAqhq8/e5'`6;H \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL "9-JT`,]]iK.T lm&1kRI 'O*OK$$;%;";R^fbtOK][Ang-e$GXN2V1Ug&,Js\]>gIXj,\"$JZ'jb German and Russian are also used in tourism. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, #m=n"7Tf5cIWNWPB6s[T]&LBKrq`(&ib*_YiG:^"[KEd? XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. Kt#OXGjl>W*r6t3*[-q(M#L_?7@/3*leS_JEb[)NH2('cJq32eW>d )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P >> Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded; the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach; or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an allogenetic rather than a genetic group of languages. [55] An etymological */u/ > */e/ often surfaces as /i/ next to /r/ and after etymological pharyngeals: hir < */ur/ 'street' (Semitic loan). 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` dUs\F[efmIo^ahD7aq$`K*k)I4t=29ZP_I)4h!bMWfsa[M2Q3EJo?a8?k=6V:rMl! /SA false lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' Syntax was governed by a rigid word order, with modifiers occurring in second position. [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. k[`)HC3Fkb`3?8^tB/L\>=B;")&"oSGEF;I>D@cr$8Y`oIQ@2Ql@d AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) ]9tM\WOO=X\Z_4s)$gK:7B4Mu)i[c6sfVfM83R XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? 16 0 obj 162: The Chosen One Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t :I$_*1QlDIm[G;R?F:TTW`=t;`5 ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular. Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects. ;n^t`. W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] endobj 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H Y`9.m>1T8u`i=S(oVgNA. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# M6i[S7Sm``;$.Ma3Can"C8ck=&nHsi,+h2aS&up"Me@s!U'*FG*LfEQ,1i),C6Gp+S'FtWu=7Sh2EkKDrKXI. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl Xj]8CEa3k0ZOjO0hf5*cd[q/4_#?ZbBb=FhDoN^c@qU,B9J.[U0Fl0@UriLNZpEJ^feoYI!]+YpHPj=Yj'%28"(jVpq4-2[-MZB\b4<+s7*!(SQuO%unT9i0qm3MVFmM.Q,(! 3DV=?? Md42$9p^b4L$^a\.\`gu1]JcQ"7C8kA"M(C>Sd0]g P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki fC6N44mIeqCm$Gt=U9-Ib.%X`@\ [45] The phonemes /d g z/ occur only in Greek loanwords, with rare exceptions triggered by a nearby /n/: / < .t n.t sb.w 'school'. Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. /Type /Annot them were used on a regular basis. j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI i90%RmX^Y.&[4+$GGe63p Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. @(in*: For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh RkknghlLUU"6pU$oIFB@;;&Nn? 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? Between other consonants, // is then inserted. Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, U1"E/8]if:k:R' !I#U_ )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< So although twt-n-mn is pronounced /tutnkmn/ in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *[twat an aman],[57][58][59][60][61][62] transliterable as twt-nkh-amn. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE /H /I =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q /Type /ExtGState i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= "4Rh9'HOGICiLur1en^#A0H&;1dfZsRbi 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq A. Gardiner, The Coronation of King aremab. The Egyptian language survived through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period in the form of the Coptic language. %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs << #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! pG.oK4S.T3_o=*O6&d:6^s>f("KjKGlf_f%BV?GPWSrJ)aT6jnGm@UAGZ6s,$dU /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . The long contact with foreigners and the existence of foreign-language schools also explain the polyglot character of Egyptian society. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? God loves you," Roumie declared in a Middle-Eastern accent. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= n5>INr=7XX#t6F'E5+20jaNOW*&YFcjclR_#2765ieeATrU5O#ghj[@EHng#N!]Gi.mn%am"2mBcd1YA\g"\1pd`"Kqra;4=NopO\3efpCe"F.
