- Worked in the Andaman Islands -> they had little contact with the outside world Worship of a single supreme being. A kind of religion. 3. She thought that each culture had their own sex plan. Separate from larger religion from which they arose because it is "corrupt". At the same time, it elevates their status within that society. The latter are meant to draw the community into joint participation and expression of acceptance of the beliefs and values being expressed by the ritual. physical anthropology. Based on written scriptures 1. T/F: Ritual can be thought of as patterned and formal behavior that communicates some kind of meaning. Similar to our notion of luck. It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. Can only eat animal once a year. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. It is designed to help you learn the material. Based on written scriptures 2. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . Don't over reach on interpretation --> symbolism is open to individual interpretation, and our interpretation may be different. It is universal, or has universal potential Clifford James Geertz (/ r t s / (); August 23, 1926 - October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology and who was considered "for three decades. Dancing, singing or chanting, music, and the various forms of visual art all have religious origins and continue to be integral to most religious traditions. According to your chapter, the most likely period in which religion came to be important for prehistoric peoples was the, According to your chapter, the general term for how magic and religion help foster social solidarity while also helping people cope with anxiety about natural phenomena over which they have no control is, Naskapi hunting divination is an example of, The anthropologist most associated with cultural materialist explanations of seemingly mal-adaptive ecological practices is, Which of the following is the best ecological explanation of "pig love" and "pig hate", Pigs are unsuited to the very dry climate of the Middle East, T/F: According to your text, religious beliefs and practices always promote sound environmental practices, The leading theorist associated with the concept that religious symbols transcend cultural and historical concepts was. Arose with state organizations and marked social stratification. Pilgrimage for example, is when a religious community comes together because they went through something together. List three "cautionary notes" given by Audrey Richards with respect of ethnographic descriptions of rituals. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. Exists in all human societies. \text{Contribution margin}&&{\$\hspace{5pt}1,490,000}\\ Who is the scholar most associated with this approach to the study of myth, The central characters of myths tend to include heroes and tricksters. General term encompassing curers (witch doctors), mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, and other diviners. \text{Payment of interest} &19,000 & \text{Increase in current assets}\\ Washington, DC: University Press of America. You live away from your parents, but usually are not completely independent. Inquiring into the relationship between the divine, sacred, and the social order, and attendant beliefs, movements, and institutions are some of the oldest questions in Anthropology and continue to be some of the most relevant to the modern world. An ethnographer unfamiliar with the language of the host society is more likely to find a male interpreter (bridge the gap among men) Englishman 1871-1958. "This-worldly" in orientation & & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\ Often collective. Dung is a basic cooking fuel. These rituals have often been labeled magic by outsiders to the traditions in which they exist. Role of explaining. Women are usually initiated singularly instead of in a group-> little chance for communitas (society as a whole initiates women) She is able to obtain forecasted returns for the three securities for the years 2015 through 2021. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. 2. T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. Any set of beliefs and practices pertaining to supernatural powers. Liminality is anti- structural. It often forms a separate sphere of activity, - Many cultures -> right is sacred and left is profane + felt that women are closer to nature than men b/c of their physiology (child bearing), - Lived on an island off the coast of Papua New Guinea -> studied the Vanatinai society They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. These can also include generalized goals like ideas of freedom and social cohesion. The "structural" study of myth is different than other approaches because it does not take cultural context into account when deciding what myth "means." Drawing on the work of Arnold van Gennep, Victor Turner developed valuable theories with respect to rites of passage. They also function to promote a sense of unity, in which individuals are inspired to support and promote the communal system of behavior. $$ Not all religious rituals are presentational, however. An example of the latter is a ritual of healing, in which a shaman reenacts a past event when a healing occurred or imitates the behavior of a particular spirit whose function it is to dispel disease or disease-causing agents. 1 What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art? Religion is not seen as an explanation of the world, but as a means of making symbolic statements about society. - A founder of the functionalist school of anthropology. Assume mpg is normally distributed. The Catholic church, on the other hand, believes that the prayers and rituals of the priest actually bring about an alteration of the substance of the bread and wine, so that they come to share in the essence of Christs blood and flesh although their outer form remains the same. Elements of the natural world that are often considered to be "natural symbols" include all but which of the following? A collective effervescence can develop in Religious contexts. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. The participants display total submission to the group or authority. Lower order systems are very specific, while higher order systems are more abstract, such as ideas of happiness. \hline \text { Between Groups } & 1034.51 & 2 & 517.26 & 19.86 & 4.49 \mathrm{E}-07 \\ Mimic how Europeans use or treat objects. Example: circumcision of teenagers, temporarily separate youth from community, confirmations, baptism, bar/bat mitzvahs, frat hazing. What is its labor rate variance for the period? Westerners do not usually consider that religion is the basis of morality. Cargo cult. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). Because of the diverse subject matter it encompasses, anthropology has become, especially since the middle of the 20th century, a collection of . This is because they function to serve as protectors and teachers to those who remain in and support the society. Elder brother vs younger brother Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. - Structuralism Use examples. \hline \text { Within Groups } & 1302.41 & 50 & 26.05 & & \\ Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. . \hline \text { Total } & 2336.92 & 52 & & & \\ Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Which of the following is not an example of the "practical" uses to which religion is sometimes put? Are polytheistic. \hline & & & & & \\ Sacred and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions. The following output summarizes the results of an analysis of variance experiment in which the treatments were three different hybrid cars and the variable measured was the miles per gallon (mpg) obtained while driving the same route. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders Religious Leaders All societies have individuals whose job it is to guide or supplement the religious practices of others. The consistency and degree of placebo response necessitates a common underlying mechanism or system of mind-body communication present in all forms of healing. Seen in chiefdoms and archaic states. 2. \text{Variable cost of goods sold:}\\ Rituals of ablution, prayer, meditation, offerings at a home altar, and so on are typically undertaken by lay persons as a part of the daily enactment of their religious beliefs. 5. Describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Example: Hurt or kill, they imitate that effect on the image of the victim. Placed a premium on hard work and profit. It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. 3. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. Rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way. Very individualistic early on. Calculate the lower of cost or market for the inventory applied separately to each item. Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. This period the company produced 20,000 units and used 84,160 hours of direct labor at a total cost of$1,599,040. Grimes, R. L. (1982). Criticized for being scraggly and ill-used. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. If an action is risky, and the outcome uncertain (but important to the group or individual) then there will be greater use of ritual associated with it. a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - Kogi are decedents of this people In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. anthropology, "the science of humanity," which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Contents. \end{array} Serve an emotional need. The more common elements and themes are discussed below. + culturally and contextually driven notions Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Structuralists see them? They are based variously on ideas human social structures, emotions, or cognition. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. Essential to Indian cultural adaptation. Example: Caribbean Voodoo, mix of African, Native American, And Roman catholic saints and deities. + most religious buildings face east, right is then associated with warmth of the sun, left with the cold of the north Discuss Victor Turner's concept of communitas. Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. She figured that power is accorded to the sex that is thought to embody the forces that a group is dependent on. Sanday wanted a general theory on the inequality of the sexes. Myth is defined by anthropologists in ways that distinguish it from both legend and folktale. Associated with social division and serves and emotional need. Moreover, it is believed in many cultural traditions that if one undertakes vows in conjunction with rituals, the latter will be more effective. a primal horde has an alpha male, who is killed by the other males in an act of patricide; in reverence to the deceased alpha male the culture "worships" him, leading to monotheism, structural functionalist who theorized that society produces religion because religion supports social systems; did not believe in individualistic religion or naturalistic origin, symbolic interactionalist who defined religion is a system of symbols, defined religion as a system of actions and interactions based upon culturally shared beliefs in sacred supernatural powers, wrote that people who believe in secularization miss the meaning of science; science cannot prove or disprove the superempirical, studied the structuralism of human minds, focusing on myth; believed all cultures share cognitive patterns (for example, binary oppositions), wrote "On Key Symbols" If the average weekly salary for technical support personnel is $1,100, what is their yearly salary cost for technical support personnel? -She eventually became aware that being an ethnographer meant studying the self as well as the other. Most of these protagonists (at least in the most commonly studied myths) are. An example that is most defined in Western culture is in Judaism and Christianity, God has given human feelings of anger and jealousy or compassion and forgiveness. Example: Born again Christians, Islam jama- Jihad, Judaist Haredi. In any of the possible two-stock portfolios, the weight of each stock in the portfolio will be 50%. archaeology. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? What is meant by the holistic approach in anthropology quizlet? The ritual is preceded by purification rites over the site and the objects used in creating the mandala. Which of the following is not an example of a difference between how indigenous peoples view religion and how Westerners view religion? Anthropology of Religion: Magic and Religion Magic and Religion Most cultures of the world have religious beliefs that supernatural powers can be compelled, or at least influenced, to act in certain ways for good or evil purposes by using ritual formulas.
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