For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. <i>Methods</i>. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. "National Statistical Abstract. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Productivity and technology. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. State farms sold their output to the AMC. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Agricultural products account for . y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. <i>Results . It began with the domestication of crops and animals. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Agriculture. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. 2. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Private . Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system.
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