In the Sri Lanka Police Service, chief inspector of Police (CIP) is senior to inspector and junior to assistant superintendent of police. [7], In July 2017, the role became Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. This lasted until 1206, when superintendent once more became a single rank, wearing a crown on the epaulettes. 15:01 EST 15 May 2022 In the year ending March 2021, there were 124,091 hate crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales. But right through neighbourhood crimes, burglaries and car theft as well., Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Andy Cooke: We follow legislation and we follow the law, simple as that.. He said: 'I am absolutely appalled that I now have a police record. He previously served with Police Scotland where he held the role of Divisional Commander for Specialist Service and was responsible for firearms, public order, search and dogs. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) independently assesses police forces and policing, asking the questions that citizens would ask and publishing information to allow the public to compare the performance of their force against others. The rank of superintendent was also adopted in the Detective Branch (later the Criminal Investigation Department) from 1866 when Adolphus Williamson, the first head of the branch, was promoted to the rank. You canfollow Andy on Twitter (Twitter link). Reporting has also been performed on a voluntary basis for the Special Investigation Branch (SIB) of the Royal Military Police. The interview in question, which appeared on Mr Grimes's Reasoned UK YouTube Channel on June 30 last year, came at a time when Black Lives Matter protests were occurring regularly around the country following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis. Our role. Average salary (a year) 42,000 Starter to 63,000. HMICFRS is headed by the Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. From 1953, chief inspectors commanding sub-divisions and detective chief inspectors commanding divisional CIDs were regraded as superintendents grade I, other chief inspectors were regraded as superintendents grade II, and a redefined rank of chief inspector was created for senior inspectors. 63,726. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. They may be the most senior operational response officer or manage assigned specialist policing functions such as investigations. Non-crime hate incident reports were introduced in 2014 following recommendations by the independent Macpherson Inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence. In late 2008 Rachel was promoted to Chief Inspector and spent six very enjoyable years at that rank taking up roles as District Commander at Thurrock, Basildon and lead for Roads Policing and the Dog section. Police Inspector Cleveland Police (UK) May 2009 - Dec 2019 10 years 8 months. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. He is transferred from Kembleford to become part of Police . HM Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services is Andy Cooke, former chief constable of Merseyside Police, who was appointed in April 2022. Police and Law Enforcement Wikia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. He was . They have described Mrs Mewes as the victim, which makes me the victimiser. However, the body's principal statutory functions are unchanged since its establishment in 1856, namely to assess and report on the efficiency and effectiveness of police forces in England and Wales. Since 1974, the Metropolitan Police has only had one rank of superintendent, in common with the rest of the country. Fraud is now the UK's most prevalent crime, but police treat it with an "indefensibly low priority", the Chief Inspector of Constabulary said. He returned to Merseyside in 2012, was promoted to Deputy Chief Constable in 2013 and in 2016 he was appointed Chief Constable. Detective chief inspector (DCI) is usually the minimum rank held by a senior investigating officer (SIO), who heads major investigations (e.g. His Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue 'Policing needs to ensure the public can have confidence that the police will take action against criminality, whatever level that is,' Cooke toldthe Times. It also receives funding from the Treasury for its work on HMRC. Gloucestershire Constabulary - Rod Hansen Email: rod.hansen@gloucestershire.police.uk Twitter: @ChiefGlosPolice Greater Manchester Police - Ian Hopkins Email: Ian.Hopkins@gmp.police.uk Email: chief.constable@gmp.police.uk Twitter: @CCIanHopkins Gwent Police - Julian Williams Email: Julian.Williams@gwent.pnn.police.uk The incumbent is Andy Cooke, who was appointed in April 2022. The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 allows HMIC to perform inspection and assessment of services or projects by direction of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. This is an independent appointment under Royal Warrant and confers wide ranging powers to look into the "state, effectiveness and efficiency" of both Police Scotland and the Scottish Police Authority. Your cookie preferences have been saved. In this respect they have replaced superintendents as the head police officer of the larger towns. ', The comments below have not been moderated, By FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 2000: MINISTRY OF DEFENCE POLICE: SIFTING PROCESS FOR PROMOTIONS. Inspectors currently receive a salary of between 51,414 and 55,768 (London: 53,665 to 58,038). We also routinely monitor the performance of police forces in England and Wales. Rice of failing to disclose thousands of pounds of debt to Mr A, which he disputes, and lying about continuing to contact the developer even after he learned . The new HM chief inspector of constabulary has long been calling on the government to tackle poverty in their efforts to fight crime. His predecessor was the lawyer and former rail regulator Tom Winsor , who took office on 1 October 2012 as the first chief inspector to be appointed from outside the police service. Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2102. Superintendent of Police - normally commands a Headquarters Unit or Police Division Reports of non-crime hate incidents can show up in criminal record checks for six years, yet there are no grounds to appeal against them. During this time, Andy led the biggest reorganisation in Merseyside Polices 40 year history. His nomination was approved in August 2012 and he took office on 1 October 2012. 65,672 / yr. **Entry point for an officer appointed to the rank, unless the chief officer of police assigns the officer to a higher point. The rank has been abolished by the Singapore Police Force, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Inspections may also be made, by invitation only, and on a non-statutory basis, of the Police Service of Northern Ireland and other organisations with policing responsibility. However, the rank had been used previously to this in some forces in certain circumstances. Within the British Police, all police officers are sworn in as and hold the basic powers of a constable. Metropolitan Police chief superintendents wore a crown over two stars until the abolition of the rank of superintendent grade I in 1974, after which they changed to the latter's rank badge, which was already worn by chief superintendents elsewhere in the country. They may also earn additional compensation in the form of overtime. We ask the questions that we believe the public wish to have answered, and publish our findings, conclusions . HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary and HM Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services, HM Inspector of Constabulary and HM Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services, HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate. The cap peak of a chief inspector is also pain and the lanyard is corded navy blue, khaki, maroon. Nicola Faulconbridge joined HMICFRS as Assistant Inspector of Constabulary in October 2022. For police rank of chief inspector, see, His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services, His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary in Scotland, Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments, "Inspection of the performance of Home Office police forces: HMICFRS's approach to inspection, including monitoring, force insight, inspection design and fieldwork", "Home Office announces new fire inspectorate", "Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services Andy Cooke QPM DL", "Tom Winsor picked as top candidate for senior police role", "Chief Inspector of Constabulary to retire", "Home Secretary announces appointment of new HM Inspector of Constabulary", "#018/2013 The Historical Enquiries Team's approach to reviewing deaths during 'the troubles' is inconsistent, has serious shortcomings and so risks public confidence, HMIC finds", "Police watchdog accused of skewing report to back protests clampdown", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary_and_Fire_%26_Rescue_Services&oldid=1136946230, Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 00:14. In 2008, Andy was appointed Assistant Chief Constable of Lancashire Constabulary where he held the roles of ACC Specialist Operations and ACC Territorial Operations. As independent holders of public office under the Crown, appointed under Royal Warrant, they are neither civil servants nor police officers. Andy Cooke, Her Majesty's chief inspector who oversee the assessment of forces and make recommendations for improvement, said police should focus on tackling crime and not on politics. Modern policing has become more complex because of the sophistication of modern technology, often involving cybercrime or online scams. Today, the function of chief inspectors varies from force to force. He joined in 1984 and has served as a member of the Command Team since 2002. . Home; . The chief inspector in question has previously [] He replaced Inspector Valentine, who had been promoted and went to London at the start of the second series. "Over 700 people from across the criminal justice system responded and a considerable number of people spoke to inspectors about their own experiences," said the Chief Inspector. Until 1953, chief inspectors in the Metropolitan Police wore a crown on their epaulettes instead. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. , updated As a public authority, decisions and actions of HMICFRS are susceptible to judicial review. We also inspect law enforcement arrangements in British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, on invitation from the relevant government, as well as non-territorial services, specialist agencies and international police forces. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. His young son is not reported to . The Metropolitan Police Service uses the standard British police ranks which can be indicated by shoulder badges/epaulettes and it goes up to Chief Superintendent but uniquely has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three and these five are Commander, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner. 07968-582423. Find out about our Chief Officers. 'Those thoughts, unless they become actions, arent an offence. In some forces such as Hampshire Constabulary and Sussex Police, the chief inspector is the senior officer in command of a district (usually consisting of one or more local authority areas). In December 2021, former police officer Henry Miller won a landmark Court of Appeal challenge against police guidance on 'hate incidents'. In most other forces, superintendent lay between inspector and assistant chief constable until well into the 20th century. Average salary for Avon and Somerset Constabulary Chief Inspector in Seaham, England: [salary]. Constables wear epaulette attached to the uniform, displaying their collar number (also called a shoulder number). 0 reviews Get A Copy Amazon Stores Libraries Paperback, 82 pages Published October 1st 1999 by Stationery Office Books More Details. Patel confirmed in March thatAndrew Cooke was her preferred candidate to become the new Chief Inspector. In April 2022, Andy Cooke was appointed as HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary and HM Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. The rank is mostly operational, meaning that inspectors are directly concerned with day-to-day policing. The post is entirely independent of Government, police and the Scottish Police Authority. From 1949, sub-divisional inspectors and DDIs were regraded as chief inspectors and current chief inspectors were regraded as superintendents. Chief inspector was one of the ranks proposed for abolition in the 1994 Sheehy Report, but in the end it was retained. Sergeants can earn up to 50k with five years in service, Inspectors are now comfortably in the higher 40% tax bracket, and Chief Inspectors peak at nearly 67k after four years. Constables in the MET or other London branches also have London weighting so officers on the PCDA route have a starting salary of 30k rising to 33k after completion of the degree. The law is quite clear in relation to what is an offence and what isnt an offence.. Statutory public body in England and Wales, "HMIC" redirects here. He is a Deputy Lieutenant of the Merseyside Lieutenancy and an Adjunct Professor within the School of Justice Studies at Liverpool John Moores University. Find out more>, Case Studies: DC Chris Beech discusses the impact of DG6 on workloads, Case study: Horrific three year investigation, Case study: Sussex - five year investigation, Case study: "I thought I would go to jail", "I wish Id gone to the Federation sooner, "Id have hated to be fending for myself". He has over 30 years policing experience including as Deputy Chief Constable in Lincolnshire Police and as a Divisional Commander at Police Scotland. A chief superintendent's annual salary starts at 81,156 and rises to 100,898 with and additional London weighting of 2,373 (as of April 2019). The rank of chief superintendent was first introduced into the Metropolitan Police in 1949, when superintendents were regraded to the new rank, and has since been adopted in all British police forces. At the request of the chief constable of the PSNI, in 2013 the inspectorate published a report into Northern Ireland's Historical Enquiries Team.[12]. HMICFRS has published the latest Value for Money profiles. Mr Naylor is currently Deputy Director of Investigations at the National Crime Agency. He is married with twin daughters. 14245. author(s) anon. The shoulder badge of a chief inspector of police has three military pattern stars. She has made an outstanding contribution to policing in Scotland and I wish her well in whatever she chooses to do next.. Sentences totalling 215. 'I was chairman of the parish council and been the governor for two schools. The office has pointed out deficiencies in police staffing in previous years. 5. 'Obviously the serious criminality needs to be addressed. Avon and Somerset Constabulary Detective Chief Inspector salaries - 1 salaries reported. In large cities, a chief inspector is the officer in charge (OIC) of a large police station. Prior to a 2013 restructuring that changed the English translation slightly, this rank was that of inspector. Speaking to The Times, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary Andy Cooke called on officers to tackle serious crime, burglaries and car theft but to steer clear of policing 'opinions'. For example, in 1920 the deputy head of Shropshire Constabulary bore the official title of "chief superintendent and deputy chief constable" and in 1927, Lancashire Constabulary had two chief superintendents who were junior to the assistant chief constable. But right through [to] neighbourhood crimes, burglaries and car theft as well. experience. WHYY's Sammy Caiola got her take on public safety. In April 2022, Andy Cooke was appointed as HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary and HM Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. The salary range is 41,500 to 45,098. To only allow the cookies that make the site work, click 'Use essential cookies only.' In 1869 it was also introduced as a uniformed rank, with the senior assistant to the divisional superintendent being given the rank. We use cookies to collect anonymous data to help us improve your site browsing Nationally, Andy held some of the highest risk portfolios in Policing. Cooke said the law was clear that the point at which police should intervene was when thoughts are translated into actions. The HMICFRS board consists of HM Chief Inspector, HM Inspectors, and the chief operating officer. HM inspector of constabulary Andy Cooke says constables should focus on dealing with actual offences and avoid politics with a small P. HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary notes progress of the 'world's biggest online police station' - but ICT within policing has room for improvement. 65,934. Darren Grimes was interviewed by police on suspicion of stirring up racial hatred after Dr Starkey appeared on the Brexiteer commentator's Youtube channel. Stockton-on-Tees, Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom . [4]Superintendents grade II wore the crown (the rank badge formerly worn by chief inspectors), with superintendents grade I wearing a crown over a pip (the rank badge formerly worn by superintendents). Police forces are not the thought police and should focus on dealing with actual offences and keeping the public safe, the new HM chief inspector of constabulary has said. The appointment, which follows an external recruitment competition, is made by Royal Warrant. The importance of having independent and objective scrutiny of policing to ensure challenging issues are addressed, as well as to highlight the positive contribution policing makes in our communities and in keeping people safe, cannot be overstated. Matt Parr was appointed HM Inspector of Constabulary in August 2016 and HM Inspector of Fire & Rescue in July 2017. Chief Constable Chris Noble said he was pleased progress had been noted Staffordshire Police has not made enough improvement in performance after concerns were raised about the force last. Chief Inspector Tom Thompson of the . A former policeman has been found guilty of sedition for publishing a series of online comments mocking a chief inspector's death and urging all "dog officers" to die, in what the magistrate . Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. In the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, a chief inspector is normally a police station commander or the second-in-command of the Police Training College. The 56-year-old was visited by police at work and threatened with prosecution if he did not stop discussing the issue, and was told that the matter had been recorded as a 'non-crime hate incident'. I would also like to put on record my gratitude to Gill Imery for fulfilling this extremely important role for the last four years. Today we published a report about an inspection of the east midlands regional response to serious and organised crime. A writers aid in a description and imagery of all police ranks within England and Wales. In many smaller forces, the senior superintendent was also the ACC. This is the same badge as a captain in the British Army. The rank of superintendent was introduced at the foundation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829. 'Hate incidents' can remain on police records and could turn up on enhanced vetting checks by the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS). Services (HMICFRS) independently assesses the effectiveness and efficiency The rank of chief superintendent was abolished on 1 April 1995 following recommendations made in the Sheehy Report, later confirmed by the Police Act 1996, although officers already holding the rank could continue to hold it. His predecessor was the lawyer and former rail regulator Tom Winsor, who took office on 1 October 2012 as the first chief inspector to be appointed from outside the police service. The news comes after the Home Office revealed that police are solving the lowest proportion of crimes ever, with only six per cent of all crimes resulted in a charge in the year to September 2021. Uniformed inspectors are often responsible for supervising a duty shift made up of constables and sergeants, or act in specialist roles such as supervising road traffic policing. [2] I do think its important that the prioritisation that we give is to those most at risk, and that policing stays away from the politics with a small P, and the different thoughts that people have, he said. In both forces, the insignia consists of four gold stripes, similar to the former insignia of a colonel in the Canadian Army and Air Force. [8] From January 1954 there was one superintendent grade I and one chief inspector in each sub-division, one chief superintendent, one superintendent grade II and one detective superintendent grade I in each division, and one commander, one deputy commander, one detective chief superintendent, and one detective superintendent grade II in each district. Mr Naylor will lead HM Inspectorate of Constabulary Scotland (HMICS) in delivering an annual programme of independent inspection, monitoring and evaluation of Police Scotland. Upon successful completion, constables can remain at their current rank, specialize in criminal investigations or one of many other specialist units, or apply for promotion to sergeant, the first supervisory rank. Mark Byers joined HMICFRS as Chief Operating Officer in November 2020. Within the British police, inspector is the second supervisory rank. The figure is equivalent to only one in 17 offences being solved, withCooke adding crime rates were now the worst in his 36-year career. The senior Criminal Investigation Department (CID) officer in each BCU usually also holds this rank. Inspectors of Constabulary for England and Wales from 1856: The first chief inspector was appointed in 1962. We refer to your email dated 22nd November 2022 to the Ministry of Defence Police which . Today, the function of chief inspectors varies from force to force. They may be the most senior operational response officer or manage assigned specialist policing functions such as investigations. 17:55 EST 15 May 2022. The insignia consists of a crown, the same insignia as that of a Major in the army. I am delighted and extremely honoured to have been appointed to the role of HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary in Scotland. Gary Roberts is the first Chief Constable for the Isle of Man who has served solely in the Island force. 2 comments. Different types of police training, including specialist training, force . Within British police, Sergeant is the first of the supervisory ranks. HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary in Scotland is the senior professional police adviser to Scottish Ministers. Mr Naylor is currently Deputy Director of Investigations at the National Crime Agency. Many crimes such asburglaries, robberies and shoplifting, and sexual offences, were going unpunished, he added. 01.03.2023 LISTEN. 3. In Scotland, the starting salary is 26,037, rising to 40,878, but after ten, not eight, years in service. Average salary for Cumbria Constabulary Chief Inspector in Seaham: 60,750. A Joliet inspector general report has recommended official misconduct charges be pursued against former Police Chief Al Roechner and Deputy Chief Marc Reid.. They are 'any non-crime incident which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice', according to the College of Policing's guidance on hate crimes. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Chief Inspectors manage large teams of inspectors, sergeants, constables and police staff. The statutory duties of HMICS are set out in Chapter 11 of the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2102. I am delighted that he has been appointed to this role. In the British police, a chief inspector is senior to an inspector and junior to a superintendent. Mr Naylor, of HM Inspectorate of Constabulary Scotland (HMICS), highlighted a series of recent convictions secured by the domestic abuse task force in his latest report. Dr Starkey had told Mr Grimes: 'Slavery was not genocide otherwise there wouldn't be so many damn blacks in Africa or in Britain, would there? We urge Mr Winsor to reach out to forces, police officers of all ranks and their representative bodies to build bridges. Were not thought police, insists new chief inspector of constabulary | News | The Times. With such a strong and varied policing background, much of it spent in Scottish policing, Craig Naylor brings a great wealth of experience to the role of Chief Inspector of Constabulary in Scotland. The rank of district superintendent was introduced between superintendent and assistant commissioner in 1869, and was renamed chief constable in 1886. She led the. Derek Penman, who is HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary in Scotland, spoke out after opposition MSPs claimed the loss of key staff had left the force in "chaos". He went on to say: 'Its important that the prioritisation that we give is to those most at risk, and that policing stays away from the politics with a small p, and the different thoughts that people have. The rank badge of a chief inspector is three Bath stars ("pips") worn on the epaulettes. She has worked across a variety of roles including frontline uniformed policing, Investigations, Custody Investigation and Safeguarding. Biographies of Hertfordshire Constabulary's chief officers. It has taken over the responsibilities of His Majesty's Fire Service Inspectorate. It has statutory responsibility for the inspection of the effectiveness and efficiency of the police service in Scotland. For Hybrid microwave integrated circuit, see, "Chief Inspector of Constabulary" redirects here. In his final State of Policing assessment, Chief Inspector of Constabulary Sir Tom Winsor - who leaves the HMICFRS at the end of this month - has praised the efforts of officers and staff, but highlighted significant concerns including the fragility of the 43-force model in England and Wales, the urgent need to restore public confidence, and compromises required between funding and public . Andy Cooke, who. Merseyside Police accuse Chief Insp. Whilst he was Chief, the Force was graded as the highest performing metropolitan Force by HMICFRS. In both forces, it is senior to the rank of inspector and junior to the rank of superintendent. Chief Constable Gary Roberts, QPM. They included police officers, prison officers, prosecutors, social workers, scientists, accountants, and business support staff. annotation. You appear to have JavaScript disabled. From 1933, every Metropolitan Police division had two chief inspectors: chief inspector (administration) and chief inspector (crime) (the latter also being a uniformed administrative officer and not replacing the divisional detective inspector (DDI)). "My Committee is content for the Home Secretary to proceed with the appointment of Tom Winsor as Chief Inspector of Constabulary. Chief Officer Group Short biographies of Gloucestershire Constabulary's senior leadership team. Chief Inspector of Constabulary insists 'no crisis' at Police Scotland There is no crisis in policing in Scotland, the Chief Inspector of Constabulary has said. He has a passion for football and rugby league and is chair of the British Police Rugby League Association. Andy Cooke, who took over last month, said chief constables should avoid politics with a small P and remember there is a clear distinction between what is and is not a crime. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. of police forces and fire & rescue services in the public interest. He wrote that although he understood some may regard having a child with Down's as a 'great privilege and joy', there are other 'perfectly decent people' who may wish to avoid what could be an 'appalling change in their lives'. The Illinois State Police concluded that Reid and Roechner had a plan to bring false charges of intimidation against Joliet Mayor Bob O'Dekirk. Philadelphia Police Department Chief Inspector Altovise Love-Craighead knows a lot about trauma - she lost her younger brother to gun violence in 1997. But former parish council chairman Mr Kedge told MailOnline that he fears he will now be remembered as a 'victimiser' despite living a 'virtuous' life and dedicating himself to public service. He sparked anger when he said even violent criminals are not inherently bad people and that he would rather pump billions into cutting poverty than upholding the law. His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), formerly Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC), has statutory responsibility for the inspection of the police forces of England and Wales, and since July 2017 the fire and rescue services of England. [8] Before Winsor, the chief inspector was former Surrey Police Chief Constable, Sir Denis O'Connor, in post from 2008 until his retirement in 2012. 2. Cooke, a former chief constable of Merseyside police, took. Chief Inspector of police is the fifth-lowest ranks available in the National Police Service. We inspect Englands fire and rescue services, assessing and reporting on their efficiency, effectiveness and leadership. [3] A detective chief inspector was added in each division later in 1954. 'The police have branded me a 'suspect' of a hate incident for writing a letter defending a woman's right to abort a baby with Down's syndrome. [7] Sir William Johnson, 1962-1963 Sir Edward Dodd, 1963-1966 Colonel Sir Eric St Johnston, 1967-1970 Sir John McKay, 1970-1972 Sir John Hill, 1972-1975 It is senior to that of sergeant, but junior to that of chief inspector. Judge Victoria Sharp ordered the College of Policing to come up with new 'safeguards' to make sure that any future recording of non-crime hate incidents does not disproportionately interfere with the legal right to speak their mind.
